Hypothyroidism is underactivity of the thyroid gland that leads to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and a slowing of vital body functions.
Hypothyroidism is common, especially among older people, particularly women; it affects about 10% of older women. It can, however, occur at any age. Very severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema.
Causes
Hypothyroidism has several causes. The most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. As the thyroid is gradually destroyed, hypothyroidism develops. Subacute painless thyroiditis and subacute painful thyroiditis can both cause transient hypothyroidism. The hypothyroidism is transient because the thyroid is not destroyed.
Hypothyroidism can develop from complete lack of thyroid hormone production because of radioactive iodine or surgical removal of the thyroid gland, both of which are used to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer.
A chronic lack of iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in many developing countries. However, this is rare because iodine is added to table salt; iodine is also used to sterilize the udders of dairy cattle and thus is present in dairy products. Rarer causes of hypothyroidism include some inherited disorders in which an abnormality of the enzymes in thyroid cells prevents the gland from making or secreting enough thyroid hormones. In other rare disorders, either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland fails to secrete enough thyroid-stimulating hormone, which is necessary for normal stimulation of the thyroid.
Symptoms
Insufficient thyroid hormone causes body functions to slow. Symptoms are subtle and develop gradually. They may be mistaken for depression, especially among older people. Facial expressions become dull, the voice is hoarse and speech is slow, eyelids droop, and the eyes and face become puffy. Many people with hypothyroidism gain weight, become constipated, and are unable to tolerate cold. The hair becomes sparse, coarse, and dry, and the skin becomes coarse, dry, scaly, and thick. Some people develop carpal tunnel syndrome, which makes the hands tingle or hurt. The pulse may slow, the palms and soles may appear slightly orange (carotenemia) , and the side parts of the eyebrows slowly fall out. Some people, especially older people, may appear confused, forgetful, or demented-signs that can easily be mistaken for Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.
If untreated, hypothyroidism can eventually cause anemia, a low body temperature, and heart failure. This situation may progress to confusion, stupor, or coma (myxedema coma), a life-threatening complication in which breathing slows, seizures occur, and blood flow to the brain decreases.
Myxedema coma can be triggered in a person with hypothyroidism by physical stresses, such as exposure to the cold, as well as by an infection, injury, surgery, and drugs such as sedatives that depress brain function.
Diagnosis
Usually hypothyroidism can be diagnosed with one simple blood test: the measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Many experts suggest that the test be performed at least every other year in people older than 55, because hypothyroidism is so common among older people yet so difficult, in its mild stages, for doctors to distinguish from other disorders that affect people in this age group.
In those rare cases of hypothyroidism caused by inadequate secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone, a second blood test is needed to measure the level of the thyroid hormone T4 that is not bound by protein (free). A low level confirms the diagnosis of hypothyroidism.
Treatment
Treatment involves replacing thyroid hormone using one of several oral preparations. The preferred form of hormone replacement is synthetic T4. Another form, desiccated (dried) thyroid, is obtained from the thyroid glands of animals. In general, desiccated thyroid is less satisfactory than synthetic T4 because the content of thyroid hormones in the tablets may vary. In emergencies, such as myxedema coma, doctors may give synthetic T4, T3, or both intravenously.
Treatment begins with small doses of thyroid hormone, because too large a dose can cause serious side effects, although large doses may be necessary. The starting dose and the rate of increase are especially small in older people, who are often most at risk of side effects. The dose is gradually increased until the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the person's blood return to normal. During pregnancy, doses may need to be adjusted.
Monday, April 21, 2008
Hypothyroidism
Posted by Aris Martant at 4:56 PM 2 comments
Monday, January 14, 2008
Tinnitus
Tinnitus is noise originating in the ear rather than in the environment. Tinnitus is a symptom and not a specific disease. It is very common-10 to 15% of people experience some degree of tinnitus. More than 75% of ear-related problems include tinnitus as a symptom, including injury from loud noises or explosions, ear infections, a blocked ear canal or eustachian tube, otosclerosis (a type of hearing loss), tumors of the middle ear, and Meniere's disease. Certain drugs (such as
aminoglycoside antibiotics and high doses of aspirin) also may cause tinnitus.
Tinnitus may also occur with disorders outside the ears, including anemia, heart and blood vessel disorders such as hypertension and arteriosclerosis, an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) , and head injury. Tinnitus that is only in one ear or that pulsates is a more serious sign. A pulsating sound may result from certain tumors, a blocked artery, an aneurysm, or other blood vessel disorders.
The noise heard by people with tinnitus may be a buzzing, ringing, roaring, whistling, or hissing sound. Some people hear more complex sounds that vary over time. These sounds are more noticeable in a quiet environment and when the person is not concentrating on something else. Thus, tinnitus tends to be most disturbing to people when they are trying to sleep. However, the
experience of tinnitus is highly individual; some people are very disturbed by their symptoms, and others find them quite bearable.
Diagnosis & Treatment
Because a person who has tinnitus usually has some hearing loss, thorough hearing tests are performed as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone (the skull bone that contains part of the ear canal, the middle ear, and the inner ear). Attempts to identify and treat the disorder causing tinnitus are often unsuccessful. Various techniques can help make tinnitus tolerable, although the ability to tolerate it varies from person to person. Often a hearing aid helps suppress tinnitus. Many people find relief by playing background music to mask the tinnitus. Some people use a tinnitus masker, a device worn like a hearing aid that produces a constant level of neutral sounds. For the profoundly deaf, a cochlear implant may reduce tinnitus.
[Merck]
Labels: Five Senses
Posted by Aris Martant at 10:20 AM 2 comments
Peptic Ulcers
What is a peptic ulcer?
A peptic ulcer is a sore in your stomach or small intestine. It happens when the juices that help break down food damage the lining of your stomach or intestine. Ulcers usually affect people who are 25 to 64 years of age.
The two main causes are a germ called Helicobacter pylori (HP) and anti-inflammatory pain medicines like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Steroids and medicines for osteoporosis also may cause ulcers.
How can I tell if I have a peptic ulcer?
You may feel bloated or full. Pain may start soon after you eat. Three to four hours after eating a meal, you may get pain or an empty feeling in your stomach that gets better after you eat again or take an over-the-counter antacid (such as Tums).
Other signs include belching, feeling sick or dizzy, vomiting, heartburn, and a bad taste in your throat. Some people have black stools from bleeding in the stomach or intestine.
Your family doctor may give you a blood or stool test to see if you have anemia or HP infection. You may need an x-ray or an endoscopy (when the doctor looks inside your stomach with a tiny camera on a tube inserted through your mouth).
How are peptic ulcers treated?
Peptic ulcers are treated with medicine that stops your stomach from making acid. If you have HP infection, you will need to take antibiotics and acid-reducing tablets for one to two weeks.
If you smoke, quitting will help your ulcers heal and will help stop them from coming back. If you are taking a medicine that may cause ulcers, your family doctor can suggest a different one.
You should start to feel better within a few days or weeks of starting the medicine. Some people need to take medicines for four to eight weeks or longer. Tell your family doctor if you still have symptoms, you lose weight, the pain gets worse, you see blood in your vomit, or you have black, tarry stools.
[AAFP]
Labels: Digestive
Posted by Aris Martant at 10:00 AM 7 comments
Orgasm Sign
There are many questions rise up among women regarding sexual stuff. Event there are women that never have orgasm experience.
Menilai pertanyaan yang disampaikan oleh ibu Nira, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ternyata tak sedikit seorang perempuan yang kurang memahami seputar masalah seksual sebelum ia menikah. Untuk itu, sebaiknya bisa disimak penjabaran dari pertanyaan-pertanya an diatas.
Dengan memperhatikan terjadinya kontraksi otot yang ritmik itu, pasangan seksual bisa mengetahui terjadinya orgasme. Memang ada kalanya kontraksi ritmik tak cukup kuat sehingga tidak nyata terlihat atau tidak jelas dirasakan pasangannya.
Kalau belum pernah mencapai orgasme, berarti reaksi seksual tidak pernah mencapai puncak. Ini menunjukkan bahwa rangsangan seksual yang diterima tak cukup mampu menimbulkan reaksi seksual sampai pada puncaknya.
Banyak laki-laki yang menganggap isterinya telah mencapai orgasme karena menyamakan perlendiran vagina dengan ejakulasi pada laki-laki. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa mereka tak mengerti bahwa perlendiran vagina hanyalah reaksi awal terhadap rangsangan seksual.
Labels: Reproduction System
Posted by Aris Martant at 9:49 AM 57 comments